
How to Argue Like Jesus: Learning Persuasion From History’s Greatest Communicator by Joe Carter and John Coleman (Crossway, 2009) is not exactly true to the name.
While the book covers many of the important logical and basic principals of advocacy, it’s not exactly what you could call “comprehensive.” Then again, you can’t really expect a “comprehensive” book to also be 157 pages. But none the less Carter and Coleman do a decent job covering the topics. They first cover the three most basic means of communication (as established by Aristotle) Pathos (emotion), Logos (logic) and Ethos (credibility.)
The book is not at all a bad book. In fact, the clear way in which they explain the concepts can be helpful even to those already familiar with them. But the way in which they handle the topics in relation to Jesus is not correct. Consider this quote from their chapter on Pathos:
“While he [Jesus] introduced dozens of radical new concepts, he always did so utilizing the language of the values shared by the Jewish people — love, hope, faith, truth, righteousness, honesty, forgiveness. He often used these established concepts to illuminate new ones that subsequently became shared values (for example, humility, self-sacrifice) and to deepen peoples understanding of the values they already shared, extending the application of those values to new arenas.” -How to Argue Like Jesus, Joe Carter and John Coleman, p. 23.
Jesus utilizing values? When you utilize emotions, most people call that manipulation. Jesus was not “the great manipulator” He was a great communicator. Part of Pathos that Carter and Coleman seem to be missing is that Pathos can easily turn into manipulation when Pathos is insincere. Sincerity is what makes Pathos real. Jesus was not an actor who intentionally manipulated Jewish people by trying to make them think He shared their values. He walked this earth to demonstrate that He understands what it’s like to be human. When Jesus cried over Lazarus, His tears were real, not some fake display for show in order to make people pay attention to what he was about to do. And that’s part of what made Jesus’ message so powerful.
Emotion (Pathos), by definition, is subjective. There is not a “standard” or other objective way to “measure” your sincerity or emotion. But people know a fake when they see one — unless you’re a really amazing actor. Insincere emotion for the purposes of “making” people think the way you do can quickly backfire. As soon as they see that your emotions aren’t real, they won’t listen to you because they think don’t think you mean it. Which is exactly what you didn’t want to happen. If you’re reasons for holding a particular belief and advocating it are emotional, then speak with sincere emotion. If your reasons are rational, practical or logical, then speak in those terms. If you don’t mean it, don’t say it. If you don’t know why, find out why. But ultimately it’s always best for there to be some kind of rational reason. Remember though, emotions can be rational, and as a result, very powerful.
Carter and Coleman then cover Logos, going a few different forms of logic. (Syllogisms, enthymemes, syllogismus, a fortiori, reductio ad absurdum.) Giving legitimate advice to make your arguments logically sound. For example, don’t argue like this:
- God is love.
- Love is blind.
- Ray Charles is blind.
- Ray Charles is God.
(This was stolen from p. 47)
Yeah, don’t do that.
After Logos was Ethos, a chapter on credibility (that is, if you’re audience doesn’t think you’re credible, they probably won’t listen to you.) They cover phronesis (practical skill), arete (virtue and goodness) and eunoia (goodwill toward the audience) also giving sound advice. You know, the usual stuff: When trying to advocate a new crime policy, it might not be a good idea to mention that you used to be a serial killer... Okay, it didn’t really say that, but you get the idea.
Chapter 4 they spend on narrative and imagery. These are important aspects of communication. Stories, metaphors, similes, examples, they all help build your communication skills and empower your advocacy. People, understandably, tend to remember the story that was told better than the wonderful way you so tediously strung your words together. Thus, if the application you use really fits with your general point your audience will remember what you said better.
I don’t really know why chapter 5 was in this book. It was kind of like a 17 page detour. It was on discipleship, getting a “core team” together to help you spread your beliefs. Go big! Shoot for the stars! If your following gets too big, break ‘em up into smaller groups to make it personal! It wasn’t bad advice or anything, it just seemed out of place.
Then, at the end of the book, Carter and Coleman tacked on chapter 6 and 7. Chapter 6 was 20 pages of “rules of thumb.” I guess they just didn’t have a place to stick all the tid-bit advice. And chapter 7 were just some semi-interesting case studies. Some of the “thumb rules” were decent advice like, “Never speak about your speech,” but some of it was a little weird, like this:
“We all have certain friends who frustrate us by their willingness to ask for what they want. We see them as nags, but they get better jobs, better seats at football games, and better deals on cell phones. Invariably, that is because htey have the audacity to ask for they they want when they want it the way they want it, and they do not give up without a clear “No!”…You won’t get anything without asking. There are times to be subtle, but other times it pays just to ask.” How to Argue Like Jesus Joe Carter and John Coleman (p. 136)
So let me get this straight, Carter and Coleman are saying: Don’t take hints and grunts for an answer guys! Argue like Jesus, be genuinely annoying! But I thought we were called to selflessness…
How to Argue Like Jesus is not a bad book if you’re just looking for a simple primer or review on logic or (mostly) practical advice about your speeches, papers, etc. But the book doesn’t really tell you how to argue like Jesus, it just tells you: If Aristotle read these pieces Scripture here’s how he would break them down. Thus, I dub this book: How to Argue Probably Well.
-Ben
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